Friday, January 24, 2020
The Battle Between Good And Evil :: essays research papers fc
The Balance Between Good and Evil                                                                                                                                                       The Balance Between Good and Evil      William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is an author’s painting of the evil that resides in all of the human race. The tropical island setting presents an environment free from civil order introducing a battle ground for the war of good and evil. Showing different side of human nature one can ponder the question â€Å"What would I do?†Golding explains the good, bad and balance of human nature, revealing that in times of despair man can easily regress to a primitive state, leaving the strong willed to promote civil order, but often be extremely out numbered.      Ralph and Piggy’s sense of responsibility and maturity initially brings to the island a voice for everyone, calling for a brotherhood among the boys in order to survive and eventually be rescued. Early on the novel reads â€Å"There was a stillness about Ralph's as he sat that marked him out: there was his size and attractive appearance; and most securely, yet most powerful there was the conch.†(Golding Pg. 22). This quote describes the presence Ralph promoted on the island early on in their adventure. He encouraged equal say amongst the boys through the conch. In order to speak, one had to have possession of the symbolic shell. The shell representing the Parliamentary government in which they had left at home. Furthermore, Piggy, gaining an influential voice through Ralph, shouts his concern to the immature reckless boys â€Å"The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach... Then when you get here you build a bonfire t hat isn’t no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire.†(Golding pg. 47). Like Ralph, Piggy’s responsibility and ability to plan for the future contradicts the actions of the boys, which in turn is the main reason for the separation between Jack and Ralph. Ralph and Piggy strive for a civilized way of life, yet find Jack leading an indirect revolt against any attempt to maintain order. Ralph and Piggy represent the good, civilized world in which they have come from; unfortunately the freedom of the island breathes life into Jack’s evil side, causing chaos to lurk throughout the boys.      Jack Merridew represents the evil and dark ambitions that can take over a person when given the lack authority in a setting such as the tropical paradise. In given such freedom, Jack slowly loses his fear of punishment; seen here, his innocence still remains but
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Project Report on Coffee Behaviour
Westminster International University in Tashkent BSc in Economics with Finance 2012 – 2013 CW 1 (Element 2): Group Final Report CW 1 (Element 2): Group Final Report To be completed by the student Student’s ID number | 00001477, 00001568, 00002099, 00001506| Module name| Research Methods| Module code| 2UZB503| Tutor| Lobar Mukhamedova| Individual assignment| | Group assignment| | Submission deadline| 04. 04. 2013| For Academic Registrar use only| Contents Abstract3 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Coffee and Smoking4 Coffee and Smoking cessation5 Coffee and alcohol5Coffee and physical activity6 Coffee and Income6 Conclusion6 Research question7 Research objectives7 Methodology7 Research approach and design7 Research setting8 Study population and sample8 Data Collection9 Data collection instrument9 Data collection procedure9 Reliability and validity10 Reliability10 Validity10 Ethical considerations10 Conclusion10 Data11 Estimation and Results14 Conclusion and Recommendatio ns16 Bibliography17 Appendix 119 Questionnaire instructions. 19 Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire19 Coffee questionnaire20 Personal information:20 AbstractThe following paper discusses the main determinants of coffee consumption at Westminster International University in Tashkent. Determinants such as income of respondent, ethnicity, religion, smoking habits and other factors are investigated. Data was collected using online methods of surveying and self-administrated questionnaires. Results proved to be significant and revealed a negative correlation between coffee consumption, active lifestyle and marital status. In contrast, positive correlation between coffee consumption income and age was found. Other factors as smoking, religion, education years proved to be insignificant.Introduction Being the third most consumed beverage in the world after water and tea, coffee is valued for its distinct aroma, flavor and energizing effect. Found in Ethiopia in the 9th centur y, coffee first became popular in the Arab world, was then promoted in Europe and consequently developed into one of the most traded commodities in the world(John K. Francis, 2007). World annual per capita consumption was equal to 1. 3 kg/person in 2011. America and Europe are the largest coffee consumers on per capita basis, accounting for 3. 9 and 3. 7 kg/person respectively, in comparison to Asian countries where the average constituted 0. kg/person (World Resources Institute, 2011). Nevertheless, the western coffee consumption habits are slowly starting to spread in Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, where coffee is considered as a fashionable hot drink rather than an everyday necessity. The consumption of both instant and insoluble coffeein Uzbekistan is limited to urban areas and is generally increasing alongside with the rising living standards (Euromonitor, 2011). Furthermore, the rising number of coffee shops and the popularity of coffee houses such as Cafe Jum, Julius Meinl, Book Cafe, KafeKafe and Coffee Clubare good indicators of the growing popularity of coffee.Literature Review Evidence from various studies identify that living standards are not the only determinant of coffee consumption behavior. Smoking, smoking cessation, alcohol, age, gender, level of physical activity and income also play a sufficient role in one’s consumption patterns. In their comprehensive research on coffee and associated lifestyle factors published in 2010 Hewlett and Wadsworth discovered a link between caffeinated drink consumption, smoking and alcohol. The findings revealed that those drinking coffee were more likely to be smokers aged between 30 and 70.Another review on coffee consumption behavior in Karnataka, India published in 2008 by Varun indicated a positive correlation between education, family size and income on coffee demand in urban areas, whereas in the rural areas, the price was the main determinant influencing consumption. The rationale for the linka ge of the determinants and coffee consumption is reviewedand discussed belowbased on a wide range of researches and surveys. The studies concerning coffee consumption behaviorwere obtained from EBSCO, JStor, Emerald and Google Scholar databases.Those researches included in the literature review are published in English, report coffee consumption behavior; show correlation with at least some of the lifestyle factors and provide a detailed review of the applied methodology and statistical analysis. Coffee and Smoking Seven studies concluded that higher cigarette consumption among persistent smokers is linked to highercoffee consumption. The investigation on coffee consumption patterns among army personnel byZavela et al. (1990) revealed a positive correlation between female cigarette and alcohol consumption and male cigarette and coffee consumption.Furthermore, the researchers identified that non-smokers tend to be abstemious to coffee and alcohol consumption. In contrast, Koksal et a l. (2011) in their pseudo-panel analysis of US household data came to the conclusion that that coffee consumption and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol are not correlated due to the statistical insignificance of the cross price elasticities of coffee. However,even though there is no serial complementary relation in the observed population, the authors do not exclude the possibility that coffee and cigarettes are complements for some individuals. Studies by Salazar et al. and Garcia et al. hat analyzed the responses from about 120’000 participants both, stated that more than 50% of female smokers drank at least 6 cups of coffeeper day, whereas only 30% of smoking men consumed at least 6 cups of coffee on a daily basis. Digging even further into the research of the relation of smoking and coffee, Klesges et al. conducted a large epidemiologic study with more than 7500 respondents. The researchers labeled those consuming from one to four cigarettes per day as light smokers, those smoking from five to twenty cigarettes as moderate smokers and those smoking at least twenty one cigarettes per day as heavy smokers.Further analysis revealed that light and moderate smokers where 2. 34 and 2. 84 times more likely to drink coffee than non-smokers, whereas heavy smokers where 4. 23 times more likely to be coffee consumers. The comparison of the student sample with the general public sample by Brice et al. illustrated that smokers in both samples were likely to drink more coffee in comparison to non-smokers. In the student sample (121 respondent) smokers on average consumed 76 mg more caffeine than their fellow non-smokers. In the general public sample (122 respondent) smokers consumed 92 mg more than non-smokers.The majority of the academic papers revealed a positive correlation between smoking and coffee consumption (except the Koksal et al. study). However, some of the mentioned above studies might be a subject to bias as most of the respondents were asked to self-report coffee consumption and smoking habits. Furthermore, studies by Zavela et al. and Brice et al. had small samples that did not completely represent the whole population and may therefore also be addressed as biased at some point. Nevertheless, despite the presented results, none of the researches, except for Benowitz et al. 2003) addressed the actual reason for the coffee/smoking relation. According to the researchers smokers prefer coffee due to the fact that smoking increases caffeine metabolism and coffee contains the highest its highest dose among all other beverages. In order to confirm the positive correlation between the amount of cigarettes smoked and coffee consumed it is important to research the reverse side of the relation. Do those people that quit smoking consume less coffee? Coffee and Smoking cessation Several studies review the relation between smoking cessation and coffee consumption andall of them reveal a positive correlation.A cross-sectional study by Fernandez et al. described a total sample of 2621 respondents and found that lower coffee consumption was associated with quitting smoking. However, the results might be effect-modified as the health reasons for quitting where not taken into consideration during data collection. The research on smoking relapse conducted by Krall et al. revealed that people who quit smoking but where drinking at least 6 cups of coffee daily where 2. 33 times more likely to start smoking again. A similar study of 116 men by Kauffman et al. eviewed that those who don’t drink a lot of coffee where 12 times more likely to quit smoking successfully. Furthermore, education and age where identified as the factors positively affecting smoking cessation and where adjusted in order to make the effect of coffee consumption clearer. Coffee and alcohol Correlations between coffee consumption and alcohol consumption are mostly explained by ones attitude towards health. Therefore, usually alcohol drinkers a re less concerned by their health and on average consume more coffee than non-drinkers.Researches by Talcott et al. and Stevenson et al. prove this statement as according to their findings, alcohol drinkers were 1. 52 times more likely to drink coffee. Schwarz et al. investigated even further and researched the relation between different alcohol drinks with coffee and tea consumption in a sample of 2400 respondents aged from twenty five to sixty four. The findings of the authors revealed that among beer, wine and other beverages only wine had a positive correlation with coffee consumption. Again the above studies have some limitations as some of them o not reveal the health conditions of the respondents. As mentioned above health is a serious determinant that can affect both alcohol intake and coffee consumption. Furthermore, self-administered means of collecting information were used. Therefore, the collected data might be prone to bias. Coffee and physical activity The majority of the reviewed surveys associated high coffee consumption with low physical activity. According to the research by Hewlett et al. less coffee consumption was associated with being younger and a less than healthy lifestyle. Thune et al. onducted a survey with more than 10000 respondents that indicated that both males and females with sedentary jobs consumed more coffee than those that were physically more active. Therefore, coffee consumption may be associated with less leisure time activities and a sedentary job. It is important to mention the work of Mosdol et al. that researched how the changes in coffee consumption affected ones physical activity. The respondents were placed in three groups by coffee consumption. The first group didn’t drink coffee at all, the second consumed 1 to 3 cups per day and the third group drank at least 4 cups.Furthermore, 3 physical activity level groups were established. The results revealed that those participants that increased the amount of c ups consumed per day were less likely to do physical exercise. Therefore, the higher is the coffee intake, the less physically active an individual is. From the methodological point of view, the limitations of the mentioned above surveys where again connected to the fact that mostly the participants were asked to self-report their levels of physical activity and coffee consumption. Furthermore, the studies researched the relation between the two variables at a single point of time.All of the limitations combined make it hard to identify the real connection between coffee consumption and physical activity. Coffee and Income It is evident that the relation between coffee consumption and income varies from region to region. Therefore, coffee consumption in some states comprises a significantly lower proportion of total consumption in comparison with other countries. Hewlett et al. (1990) identified that the income elasticity is positive and less than one for all of the goods investigat ed (coffee, tea, alcohol). Interestingly, the study by Varun et al. evealed that urban households purchase a larger amount of coffee and tea in contrast to rural households. Furthermore, total family income plays a more significant role in consumer decisions in urban areas, whereas family size was the major factor in rural areas. Conclusion Based on the reviewed literature most important coffee consumption determinants were identified. Therefore, a significant correlation between smoking and coffee consumption was found. Additional research revealed that smokers on average consume more than non-smokers and those who quit smoking.Furthermore, the probability of smoking relapse was higher for those ex-smokers that consumed a higher amount of caffeine. The biological relation between coffee metabolism and smoking was recognized as one of the factors to explain the correlation. Coffee consumption and alcohol intake were linked to an individual’s personal healthcare choices. There fore, high consumption of alcohol was correlated with an unhealthy lifestyle and consequently, with a higher consumption of coffee. Unhealthy lifestyle was also proved to be the factor relating coffee intake with lower physical activity.Income and coffee consumption were proven to change from region to region, with people in urban areas with higher incomes drinking more coffee in comparison with the people in rural areas. Most importantly, a research gap was found. As can be seen from the above review, none of the researchers investigated coffee consumption patterns in Uzbekistan and almost none of them investigated university student’s coffee consumption behavior. Therefore, it is important to fulfill this gap and conduct a survey of coffee consumption patterns among students in Uzbekistan.However, due to the scarcity of resources this research will focus on the coffee consumption determinants in Westminster International University in Tashkent (WIUT). Research question What are the main coffee consumption determinants for the students of the Westminster International University in Tashkent? Research objectives * To identify the main factors affecting coffee consumption behavior of WIUT students * To discover whether the findings about the positive relation between smoking and coffee consumption are applicable to WIUT tudents * To interpret the discovered relations between key determinants and coffee consumption Methodology Research approach and design During the research a quantitative approach was implemented. Given (2008) describes a quantitative research as an empirical investigation of a social phenomenon by the use of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Usually a quantitative approach is applied when it is necessary to statistically describe and test relations between certain variables and examine cause effect relations.A descriptive (correlational) survey was used to collect primary data to describe the population. The descrip tive survey interprets the relationships among a set of variables to develop trends and patterns in the data. Variables in this kind of a survey are not manipulated and are studied as they occur. The survey obtains data from a population sample by means of self-report, when participants respond to a number of questions identified by the researcher. In the current research, information was gathered by the use of self-administered questionnaires distributed online and individually for each participant.A descriptive quantitative approach was applied because it helps to identify the causes of the interrelations in the variables. The main advantage of the employed approach is precision that is achieved through reliable quantitative measurement, when the collected data is not manipulated. However, there are some limitations due to the objectivity of self-reports, as respondents may provide the researcher with unauthentic information that is not accurate. Research settingThe study was cond ucted at the Westminster International University in Tashkent that is located in the highly dense urban area in the center of the capital of Uzbekistan. Approximately 1700 students and 90 teachers attend the university. The majority of the students are locals aged from 17 to 25, most of which are a registered in the Facebook social network. Study population and sample A population is a set of all the elements that come within the study sample criteria. The sampling frame consisted of young adults aged 17 to 23 that are full-time bachelor’s degree students who study on levels 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the university.Master’s degree students and teachers were not included in the frame as they represent an older age group that does not fit into the aim of the research to study consumption patterns among students. Due to the lack of time, resources and the impossibility of implementation, the census approach, when data is collected from everyone in the population,was excluded from t he research. Instead, the simple random sampling approach was applied. Under this approach the sample is collected by randomly choosing the respondents from the sampling frame.The simple random sampling approach was used because the research sample size was equal to 300, the sample frame was easily accessible via the computer database, and interactions with the respondents were not an issue. The sample size decisions were based on a 95% confidence level that the data represents the characteristics of the whole population and the 3-5% acceptable margin of error that expresses the amount of random sampling error in the results. According to the optimal sample size calculations and the table adapted from Saunders et al. (2003, p. 56) and assuming a 100% response rate the optimal sample size was identified to be equal to 300. The collected sample was compared with the student statistics from the university and was provento represent the characteristics of the university population. Data Collection Data collection instrument A self-administered questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument for the research. A typical questionnaire is usually a mean of collecting primary data and consists of a series of questions that are aimed at gathering information from the respondents.The decision to apply questionnaires as a data gathering tool was made largely due to the following factors: * High response rates as the questionnaires were distributed online via social networks and distributed to the respondents to complete and were consequently collected personally by the researcher * Less time and resources to administer, as all of the online replies where automatically monitored and both online and manual responses wereprocessed by computer software * Anonymity, as the respondents personal identification details (e. g. ame, student ID, etc) were not required * Less prone to bias as they were presented in a consistent manner * Most of the questions were closed, w hich made further statistical analysis easier However, the main disadvantage from the self-administered questionnaire is that it might not reflect the true state of the respondent and valuable information might be lost as the answers are usually brief. The questionnaire was conducted in English and consisted of two sections. Section 1 was aimed at getting demographic data such as age, gender, education years, religion, etc.Section 2 mostly consisted of closed questions and was aimed at determining ones coffee consumption habits and related information. The examples of the questionnaire with instructions on how to complete it areprovided in Appendix 1. Data collection procedure The questionnaires were distributed in two ways: * Via social networks such as Facebook and Odnoklassniki * Personally to respondents at the university In order to avoid resemblance in the online and manual responses, the sample was divided into two groups by study level.Therefore, the first group, consisting of level 5 and level 6 students was questioned online, whereas the level 3 and 4 students were asked to fill manual questionnaires. The data was collected in a one month period. Reliability and validity Reliability Reliability is a measure of consistency with which an instrument, in the case of the current research a questionnaire measures the attributes it was designed to measure. Therefore, a questionnaire may be assumed to be reliable if it will give the same results when applied to the same group of people.The questionnaire was firstly pretested on a group of 50 people that answered the questionnaire twice in different environments, the results revealed consistency in responses. The two sets of responses can were compared statistically using weighted Kappa for categorical data and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient for continuous data. However, it is important to minimize measurement errors related to reliability. Hence, data collector bias was reduced by allocati ng two researchers to be the only ones to manage the questionnaire.The environment where data was gathered was made comfortable by ensuring silence, privacy and confidentiality for the respondents. Validity In contrast to reliability validity is a measure of how a questionnaire is employed and refers the extent to which the questionnaire represents studied variables. In order to ensure validity, the questionnaire was based on the review of literature. In addition, all questionnaires distributed manually were delivered by the appointed administering researchers.Furthermore, the questions were formulated in a simple language to assure clarity, guidelines were provided in order to ensure the ease of understanding the questions. The manual questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researchers to make sure that the questionnaires were not filled by third parties. However, it was hard to administer this aspect of the online questionnaire as the researchers were unable to monito r the process of filling. Ethical considerations In order to protect the human rights of the respondents, ethical aspects of the research were taken into consideration.Therefore, before handling in the questionnaire the researchers informed the participants about the aims of the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained, as the personal information of the respondents was not disclosed, and the collected information was kept confidential. Self-determination was sustained by providing the respondents with a choice on whether to participate in the research or not. Scientific honesty, being an important ethical part of the research was also maintained as the researchers and analysts did not manipulate, change or alter the collected data.Conclusion The research implemented a descriptive, quantitative approach. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 300 respondents on the territory of the Westminster International University in Tashkent. The sample included young adults aged 17 to 23 studying on the levels 3,4,5 and 6 of the university. Reliability, validity and ethical considerations were taken into account while administering the research. Data Descriptive statistics and results are shown in Figure 1. Variable| Observations| Mean| Std. Dev. | Min| Max| | | | | | | ID| 297| 149| 85. 8073| 1| 297| age| 297| 20. 60269| 3. 388732| 16| 40| gender| 297| . 5454545| . 49877| 0| 1| marital| 297| . 0909091| . 287965| 0| 1| ethnicity| 297| . 8855219| . 3189284| 0| 1| | | | | | | religion| 296| . 9054054| . 2931498| 0| 1| city| 296| . 7668919| . 4235265| 0| 1| educyears| 296| 13. 93581| 2. 639838| 4| 45| Montly Income| 195| 575451. 3| 1027561| 0| 1. 00e+07| Work| 294| . 452381| . 4985759| 0| 1| | | | | | | Smoke| 297| . 2255892| . 4186752| 0| 1| Sport| 296| . 7466216| . 4356823| 0| 1| Drinking Coffee| 297| . 8114478| . 3918127| 0| 1| Coffee consumption| 283| 27. 9929| 34. 79035| 0| 225| Price Coffee| 266| 3449. 286| 4854. 957| 0| 18000 | | | | | | | Weather| 296| . 5067568| . 500801| 0| 1| Morning| 296| . 5236486| . 5002862| 0| 1| Food| 296| . 5101351| . 5007438| 0| 1| Winter| 294| . 5816327| . 4941322| 0| 1| Company| 296| . 5236486| . 5002862| 0| 1| | | | | | | ln Income| 131| 13. 26666| . 8222373| 11. 51293| 16. 1181| LN Coffee| 259| 2. 844612| 1. 142757| 0| 5. 416101| LN Price| 242| 7. 805468| . 9738078| 2. 302585| 11. 0021| Figure 1 The sample collected was used with the help of the STATA statistical and econometrical tool.Qualitative data representing dummy variables as religion, ethnicity, employment status, smoking habits, sport, marital status and all other vectors of dummy variables were transformed to quantitative data. The list of dummy variables and their quantitative meaning is represented in Figure 2. Variable| Observations| Represented as 1| Represented as 0|  |  |  |  | gender| 297| Male| Female| marital| 297| Married| Single/Widow| ethnicity| 297| Asian| Other| |  |  |  | reli gion| 296| Muslim| Other| city| 296| Tashkent| Other| Work| 294| Employed| Unemployed| |  |  |  | Smoke| 297| Smoker| Non-smoker|Sport| 296| Sport| Non-sport| Drinking Coffee| 297| Coffee Drinker| Non-coffee drinker|  |  |  |  | Weather| 296| Weather Influence| Weather doesn't influence| Morning| 296| Morning hours preffered| No preference over time| Food| 296| Coffee consumed with food| No preference regarding food| Winter| 294| Winter time preffered| No preferene over time|  |  |  |  | Figure 2 As descriptive statistics show, the sample number was decreased to 297 due to the exclusion of some answers with irrelevant and unreal results, i. e. , those surveys that were spoiled by giving extraordinary high levels of coffee consumption or income.Mean income of a WIUT students was estimated to be 575’451 UZS with the standard deviation of 1’072’000 UZS to both sides. Again, such a big dispersion indicates low reliability of the data that will be discussed further. The composition of the sample regarding gender, as well as with respect to age grouping and ethnicity is shown in Figures 3 to 8. Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 6. Religion Figure 6. Religion Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 8. Age distribution Figure 8. Age distribution Figure 7. Active Lifestyle Figure 7.Active Lifestyle Estimation and Results Estimations were found using the method of weighted least squares and finding corresponding coefficients for respective variables. In order to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity, robust method of weighted least squares instead ordinary least squares method was applied. Nevertheless, in order to show the difference between ordinary least squares and weighted least squares methods both models were used in the results section. In Regression 1 Ordinary Least Squares Method was employed, while Reg ression 2 used the Weighted Least Squares Robust method to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity.Furthermore, due to the existence of zero-expenditures problem in some cases and not giving accurate information regarding income of students all income information was respectively changed to logarithmic scale. Moreover, since coffee consumption is discrete, it was also changed to logarithmic scale in order to avoid zero expenditure problems during estimation. Therefore, the final model of weighted least squares model can be shown by the following function. lncoffee= ? +? logincome+jik+? where k is the j number of dummy variables such as city, ethnicity, education, gender, employment status, smokers and other variables described before.As it was said usage of the logarithmic scale helps to avoid the issues associated with zero expenditure. Results. The following table shows estimates for both models using Weighted Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares (Robust) methods. The difference between two model is not cardinal. The most obvious difference is in the estimations of standard error, since usage of the robust method gives smaller standard errors. Results found a vivid relationship between active lifestyle (sport) and drinking coffee. People who do sports tend to consume less coffee than those leading a less active lifestyle.Furthermore, estimations revealed an interesting correlation for those individuals that are single. In this case, as it was said earlier dummy variable 1 represents a married person. Negative coefficient for marital status indicates that on average married people consume less coffee than singles or widows. In this case the reference group was singles and both coefficients were significant at 99% confidence level, rejecting null hypothesis that marital status and sport activities do not relate to coffee consumption among students of WIUT. | Regression 1| Regression 2| | coef| se| coef| se|Age| 0,039| 0,027| 0,039*| 0,022| Gender(1/0)| -0,10 2| 0,205| -0,102| 0,218| Marital status (1/0)| -0,894***| 0,319| -0,894***| 0,269| Ethnicity| 0,163| 0,294| 0,163| 0,252| Religion| 0,117| 0,336| 0,117| 0,253| City where you were born:| -0,263| 0,219| -0,263| 0,209| Education years (school+ lyceum +university):| -0,007| 0,042| -0,007| 0,047| Do you have a part-time or full-time work? | 0,263| 0,190| 0,263| 0,224| Do you smoke? | 0,158| 0,244| 0,158| 0,238| Do you do sport? | -0,611***| 0,207| -0,611***| 0,198| Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? 0,170| 0,186| 0,170| 0,203| Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (7:00 to 11:00) or in any other t| 0,159| 0,198| 0,159| 0,234| Do you usually drink coffee with food/snack? | 0,212| 0,175| 0,212| 0,180| Do you drink more coffee during winter or any other period? | -0,239| 0,207| -0,239| 0,234| logincome| 0,230*| 0,121| 0,230*| 0,122| _cons| -0,730| 1,539| -0,730| 1,551| Number of observations| 119| 119| Adjusted R2| 0,136| 0,136| note: *** p;0. 01, ** p;0. 05, * p;0. 1|  |  |  | With a smaller confidence level, the importance of income was proved.In this case, positive coefficient of logincome with respect to logcoffee indicates that increase in income tend to result in an increase in coffee consumption. Furthermore, application of logarithmic scale as it was mentioned earlier, helped to avoid zero-expenditure problems, however shrank the available size of the sample down from 297 to 119. This occurred due to the responses of the participants who didn’t give correct responses on the income questions. Interestingly enough, results for age were important at 90% confidence interval while applying the robust method of standard error calculation.All other dummy variables including weather, consumption of coffee with snack, employment status, city, religion are concluded to be insignificant. Conclusion and Recommendations As estimations have indicated some significant results were obtained particularly concerning the research prop osal in determination of coffee consumption behavior at WIUT. Mainly, the importance of income and marital status, with sedentary lifestyle proved that WIUT student’s coffee consumption pattern and addictions were quite similar to those revealed in the study by Zavela.The difference and usefulness of the results nevertheless might not be as good as it might have been in the case of a broader and better collected sample. First of all, collection of data not via survey, but corresponding actual spending on coffee and finding out total monthly expenditure would have been much more appropriate for the analysis. In that case, reliability of the data would be guaranteed and more precise results might be obtained. Also, quite limited and more or less similar population of WIUT population can’t be interpreted as proxy for any Uzbekistan university students, or even for Tashkent city students.In order for the sample to be more representative data from each university should be collected using not a self-administered survey, but more fundamental methods. However, considering high cost and the lack of time, sufficient data collection might be a hard problem. Bibliography â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Brice C. F. and Smith A. P. (2002). Factors associated with caffeine consumption. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 53, 55-64. Current Worldwide Annual Coffee Consumption per capita. (n. d. ). ChartsBin. com – Visualize your data. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://chartsbin. om/view/581 Fernandez E. , Vecchia C. L. , Avanzo B. D. , Braga C. , Negri E. and Franceschi S. (1997). Quitting smoking in Northern Italy: A cross-sectional analysis of 2621 subjects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13, 267-273. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. : Sage Publications. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Hewlett, P. , & Wadsworth, E. (2013). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British Food Journal, 114(3), 416-427. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- John K. Francis. â€Å"Coffeaarabica L. RUBIACEAE†.Factsheet of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-07-27. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Kauffman R. M. , Ferketich A. K. , Wee A. G. , Shultz J. M. , Kuun P. and Wewers M. E. (2008). Factors associated with smokeless tobacco cessation in an Appalachian population. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 821-830. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Klesges R. C. , Ray J. W. and Klesges L. M. (1994). Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking: An analysis of the second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II).Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 407-418. Koksal, A. , ;Wohlgenant, M. (2011). RATIONALLY ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL AND COFFEE? A PSEUDO PANEL APPROACH . Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University , 1, 1-21. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA normative aging study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA normative aging study.Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Matter, S. (n. d. ). Coffee in Uzbekistan . Global Market Research and Analysis for Industries, Countries, and Consumers. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www. euromonitor. com/coffee-in-uzbekistan/report Mosdol A. , Christenseen B. , Retterstol L. and Thelle D. S. (2002). Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 261-266. Salazar-Martinez E. , Willett W. C. , Ascherio A. Manson J. E. , Leitzmann M. F. , Stampfer M. J. and Hu F. B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 1-8. Saunders, M. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England New York: Prentice Hall. Schwarz B. , Bischof H. P. and Kunze M. (1994). Coffee, Tea and Lifestyle. Preventive Medicine, 23, 377-384 Stevenson J. S. and Masters J. A. (2005). Predictors misuse and abuse in older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 329-335. Talcott G. W. , Poston W. S. C. II and Haddock C. K . (1998).Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population. Military Medicine, 163, 133-138. Thune I. , Njolstad I. , Lochen M. L. and Forde O. H. (1998). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1633-1640. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- VARUN, T. (2008). CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR OF COFFEE AND TEA IN KARNATAKA. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 1-95. Appendix 1 Questionnaire instructions. For the researchers when introducing the survey to the respondents Dear Mr/Ms __________As a part of our coursework on Research Methods, we were assigned to conduct a research on coffee consumption among students in WIUT. As part of the research we composed a questionnaire in order to identify your coffee consumption patterns. The questionnaire is anonymous and confide ntial. No personal information is required. Could you please take your time and answer the questions 1 to 16? Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions.In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Coffee questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately.Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. | Personal information: Age:| | Gender (Male/Female):| | Marital status (Married/Single):| | Ethnicity: | | Religion:| | City where you were born:| | Education years (school+ lyceum +university):| | Monthly income (in UZS):| | | Criteria| Yes/No| Comments| 1| Do you have a part-time or full-time work? | Yes No| | 2| Do you smoke? | Yes No| | 3| Do you do sport? | Yes No| | 4| Do you drink coffee? YesNo| | 5| How much coffee do you consume per month? (in cups)| | 6| How much do you usually pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup)| | 7| How much are you willing to pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup)| | 8| Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? | Yes No| | 9| Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (7:00 to 11:00) or in any other time? ( Yes for morning hours, No for any other)| Yes No| | 10| Other than coffee, which hot/cold beverages do you regularly purchase? | | 1 1| How much do you usually pay for a cup of tea? UZS per cup)| | 12| How much are you willing to pay for a cup of tea? (UZS per cup)| | 13| Do you usually drink coffee with food/snack? (Yes if you do, No if you don’t)| Yes No| | 14| Do you drink coffee during winter or any other period? (Yes for Winter, No for other)| Yes No| | 15| Do you usually drink coffee while you are with friends/company or alone? (Yes with friends/company, No alone)| Yes No| | 16| Do you prefer university coffee or any other coffee outside? ( Yes for university, No for outside)| Yes No| | Any other comments: | |
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
How Chaucer Examines Class and Social Status in The...
Child sexual abuse is a common occurrence. We recently talked about the Jerry Sandusky case, Discuss the ways in which Chaucer examines class and social status in The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is absorbed in the minutiae of the three estates, or the distinctions between class and social status. In many ways, too, it seems to act as a parody on the various classes. The three estates are each divided into their specific class. There is the clergy (those who pray); the nobility (those who fight); and the commoner or peasantry (those who work). The paly, too, does not put them in order. It is aptly introduced by the Highest order, the Knight, but then followed by a member of the lowest order, the Miller, by which fact, Chaucer may be insinuating his disregard for order of class and status. Chaucer, indeed, seems to be preoccupied with matters of class distinction in his Canterbury Tales, telling us right at the beginning that not only will he include stories of the pilgrims but that he will also tell us of what degree(I: 40) they are , in other words, their social milieu. Chaucers term degree occurs regularly with Chaucer often distinguishing people into high or low degree. Degree spans the lowest servant (Legend of Good Women 1313) to the king. The king is above everyone in degree (394), and Nature herself works in degrees as she says she is the vicaire of the Almighty Lord (379). God Himself organizes the universe in terms of a hierarchy asShow MoreRelated Powerful Satire in Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay3466 Words  | 14 PagesSatire in The Canterbury Tales If one theme can be considered overriding or defining throughout Medieval European society, it would most likely be the concept of social class structure. During this early historical period in Europe, most of society was divided into three classes or estates: the workers, the nobles, and the clerics. By Chaucers time, however, the powerful estate structure had begun to wear down. Weaknesses in the system became apparent, as many people, such as Chaucer himself,Read MoreEssay on The Wife of Bath: Illustrating Courtly Love956 Words  | 4 Pageswhen The Canterbury Tales was written, society became captivated by love and the thought of courtly and debonair love was the governing part of all relationships and commanded how love should be conducted. These principles changed literature completely and created a new genre dedicated to brave, valorous knights embarking on noble quests with the intention of some reward, whether that be their life, lover, or any other want. The Canterbury T ales, written in the 14th century by Geoffrey Chaucer, accuratelyRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1457 Words  | 6 Pages The Canterbury Tales introduces a group of very interesting characters from different walks of life. These characters can fall into different groups, and these groups show society was divided up in the 14th century. The descriptions of these characters give an idea on how these groups worked. How were people ranked in social status? Were certain people more corrupt than others? Which characteristics caused the people to be sorted into the group they are in? These questions are answered by the differentRead MoreGentilesse for the Masses in General Prologue and The Canterbury Tales2355 Words  | 10 Pages    In the 14th century, class distinction was of great importance. The class to which one belonged determined the clothes one was allowed to wear, the color of that clothing and even behavior. In Geoffrey Chaucers General Prologue and The Canterbury Tales , we can find any number of characters with these behavior distinctions if we examine them. The Knight, for example, is described as a worthy man of trouthe and honour, freedom and curtesie (I, 46). He is of a noble rank, and therefore hisRead More The Bourgeois Social Class in Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay5130 Words  | 21 PagesIt is clear that Geoffrey Chaucer was acutely aware of the strict classist system in which he lived; indeed the very subject matter of his Canterbury Tales (CT) is a commentary on this system: its shortcomings and its benefits regarding English society. In fact, Chaucer is particularly adept at portraying each of his pilgrims as an example of various strata within 14th century English socie ty. And upon first reading the CT, one might mistake Chaucers acute social awareness and insightful characterizationsRead More Post Plague Social, Economic, and Historical Characteristics of Chaucer’s Pilgrims2928 Words  | 12 PagesPost Plague Social, Economic, and Historical Characteristics of Chaucer’s Pilgrims Waking up to the familiar sounds of a small English town is no longer an option. The stench of death permeates every inch of existence. Peering out of the window, afraid of stepping outside into the pestilence formerly known as home, you gaze past the mounds of rotting townspeople who used to be known as friends. Every breath catches, because breathing too deep may be too risky. A disease of unknown origin plaguesRead More Masculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale Essay2175 Words  | 9 Pagesof Baths Prologue and Tale    The Wife of Bath, with the energy of her vernacular and the voraciousness of her sexual appetite, is one of the most vividly developed characters of The Canterbury Tales. At 856 lines her prologue, or preambulacioun as the Summoner calls it, is the longest of any of the pilgrims, and matches the General Prologue but for a few lines. Evidently Chaucer is infatuated with Alisoun, as he plays satirically with both gender and class issues through the Wifes
Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Analysis Of Self In 1958 By Anne Sexton - 1647 Words
Throughout all the years of her poetry, Anne Sexton continues to make powerful connections. All things considered, Sexton was talented in using symbolism in her poems. Her analyzed poem â€Å"Self in 1958†allows people to view the multiple symbolic pieces in her work. Examples varying from a dollhouse to a plaster doll itself. Yet, when she uses these interesting pieces of symbolism, it turns out to be a much deeper concept than once thought. The doll in this poem, in turn becomes an extremely large symbolic piece that not only reflects Sexton, but her own personal views in life. In her poem â€Å"Self in 1958†, Anne Sexton uses symbolism to express the theme of female oppression in the 1950s. During the 1950s, women were forced to comply with†¦show more content†¦As the poem progresses, Sexton’s further allocates different experiences into the constant theme of oppression in her life. As seen throughout her multiples pieces, Sexton is constantly searc hing for her sense of being. Attempting to fill the void that is her individuality. Therefore, the poem â€Å"Self in 1958†displays Sexton’s search for both herself and the meaning of ‘beyond’ (Petty). Throughout the conforming world surrounding her, Sexton is constantly searching for herself, attempting to feel better about herself in an oppressed world. Trying to stray away from the feeling of an inanimate doll who is toyed around with, Sexton refuses to succumb to such low levels of individualism. This thought further led her into becoming an extremely honest poet, talking about multiple serious topics ranging from mental illness, suicide, and the perspectives of womanhood (Petty). Sexton’s ability to do this provides the reader with her raw materials, thoughts and perspectives. Sexton began this journey through her therapist. She was told to let out her thoughts in the form of poetry. Therefore, this mind set of looking deeper into herself was created. The more she advanced with her writing styles the more she was able to slyly give her input of the world surrounding her from a female perspective. Because of this female perspective, critics were able to note that Sexton was capable of venturing throughoutShow MoreRelatedMutilating Self Into Spirit: Sylvia Plaths Poems.4131 Words  | 17 PagesSylvia Plath’s poems: Translation of the self into spirit, after an ordeal of mutilation. Introduction of the poems and the essay: * â€Å"Daddy†Sylvia Plath uses her poem, â€Å"Daddy†, to express intense emotions towards her father’s life and death and her disastrous relationship with her husband. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath who has lost her father at age ten, at a time when she still adored him unconditionally. Then she gradually realizes the oppressing dominance of her father, and
Monday, December 23, 2019
Probation And Punishment Essay examples - 692 Words
Probation and Punishment In review of Kris’ file, I learned that Kris had been in trouble in the past, as a juvenile, Kris was arrested both for battery and trespassing and now as an adult Kris has been arrested for theft. Kris, now a married adult is looking to â€Å"start over and have a life outside of crime. In review of Kris’ probation paperwork, I do agree with Robert’s decision for thoughts for the most part. I agree with Robert in the fact that Kris needs an intensive probation program in order to keep him in line and make sure that he is following the rules of the program. Also, I agree with Robert’s view point that since Kris is now a married man and wants a life on the straight and arrow, he likely will not commit another†¦show more content†¦A person that has these responsibilities, likely will not commit another crime because they want to change for their loved ones. Defend or critique the strategy of matching the inmate to the correctional facility as a response to the legal concept of cruel and unusual punishment. Provide a rationale for your position with concrete examples. For the most part, I do agree with how inmates are matched to their correctional facility. There is a level for everything, which makes sense. Having a white collar criminal in a prison with murders makes no sense at all. White collar criminals could easily be forced into participating into bad activities, just because they are worried about their safety. It makes sense to keep certain levels of criminals together in I do believe that a lot of programs that are offered are worth the tax payer’s money; extra officers are definitely necessary, especially in high security prisons for everyone’s safety. Also, programs such as counseling and therapy for the inmates is also worth tax payers money; these programs allow inmates, that might have the chance of being release and on the streets again, to work on themselves and in turn become better people before they are free to roam. I also think programs such as building gardens for inmates is worth the money too. Learning how to do such things can allow to inmates to pick up a trade, someone they might have never know they were anyShow MoreRelatedProbation and Punishment Final Essay1145 Words  | 5 Pagesï » ¿ Probation and Punishment Xavian Deniz Introduction to Criminal Justice Prof. Robert Hammes Law and order are two words that keep our society from collapsing on its self. We the American people have our freedom to do what ever we want; we can purse any career, go down to your favorite restaurant and order whatever you want. We have these freedoms because people fought for them many years ago, so that we wouldn’t be under rule or dictatorship. Many people take our freedom for grantedRead MoreProbation and Punishment Essay674 Words  | 3 PagesIs Kris able to come back to society after probation? Kris Young is 25 years old, and got into some trouble at age 13and received probation for a case involving battery. While Kris was on probation he was arrested for criminal trespass and he had received additional probation time. Some of my results from the file review did not match Roberts. Two views in which Robert and I had the same were giving Kris and extension for probation period beyond the original two years. Because Kris fail to pay hisRead MoreThe Punishment Mechanisms Of Probation And Parole Essay1844 Words  | 8 PagesThe punishment mechanisms of probation and parole developed from different social circumstances, which were driven by the need for alternative means to imprisonment. The creation of the mechanisms for probation can be linked to the moral panic caused by the excess consumption of alcohol and the increased amount of alcohol-related offences. In contrast, the development of parole was the result of the systems at the time, failing to deliver the expected res ults. This essay will outline the differentRead MoreThe Punishment of Probation- A Proposed Solution to the Prison Overcrowding Problem in England885 Words  | 4 Pagesbecomes more of a problem in today’s society the government are coming up with new punishments which will help to reduce the overcrowding within the prisons. One of these new punishments is probation, this is a sentence which is been imposed by court and given to the offender either after the offender has served their sentence in prison or not at all. Within this essay, the focus will be to explain if the probation service is either soft or a hard option whilst covering three concepts to see whatRead MoreEssay about Crj 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment746 Words  | 3 PagesCRJ 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/crj-100-week-10-assignment-3-probation-and-punishment/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ssignment 3: Probation and Punishment In preparation for this assignment, please complete all required readings and activities in Weeks 8 through 10 in Unit 3: Corrections.WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECKRead MoreDefinitions Of Probation And Probation Essay956 Words  | 4 PagesClassifications of Probation According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at year end of 2012, more than 4.7 million adults were under some form of community probation in the United States (Bonczar and Maruschak, bjs.gov). With so many adults on probation, one could only ask how they all are supervised. With the criminal justice system already bursting at the seams with offenders, its main objective is to keep offenders out of this already exhausted system. Probation, also called intermediateRead MoreAccredited programme requirements were created from the Criminal Justice Act 2003 but in order to1300 Words  | 6 PagesJustice Act 2003 but in order to understand how this came to be it is significant that the history and political context of the probation service is understood. The Probation of Offenders Act was established in 1907 and under this act the release if offenders into the community under the control of probation officers were made official. The primary aim of the probation was made clear under this act which was to advise, assist and befriend and it continued that way until 1970’s. During this periodRead MoreThe Issue Of Criminal Law1495 Words  | 6 Pagesdetails and the reason that why we need to have some criminal law or laws and why there are so many different laws for different kind of criminals? Probation: Probation is chance to live in your own community by obeying some rules we will discuss what is the history of probation and what kind of importance does it have for society The job for probation and parole officers: It describes what kind of job do these officers have and what rules and responsibilities they have to follow. Criminal Law:Read MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System1193 Words  | 5 PagesThere are many options a judge might choose as punishment or rehabilitation for an offender other than having the offender complete his or her whole sentence in jail or be sent to jail or prison all together. Some options the judge might decide to use are parole, probation, community correction, and many other forms of sentencing him or her might hand down to an offender. There is always a better solution to the current methods of parole process, probation system, and the community corrections optionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Probation And An Offender From Detention Based Upon Good Behavior1603 Words  | 7 PagesIntroduction The idea of probation refers to the release of an offender from detention based upon good behavior. Probation, itself, is the process in which offenders are monitored by officers in an attempt to correct their behavior and prevent further offenses. This process, however, is centered on the idea of changing cognitive processing toward crime, to implement operant conditioning and to manipulate social learning, all of this relating to a psychological lens. Using these separate techniques
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Aims of Higher Education Free Essays
Students may have divergent aims while receiving higher education. They may chime with expectations of policymakers, employers, the faculty, society, or they may concern some other personal needs of students. All in all, the main purposes of getting higher education are getting a desirable position, developing personal skills, respect in society and preparation for future life. We will write a custom essay sample on Aims of Higher Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The major aim of higher education is getting a good job because it is necessary for a good position and high salary. Nowadays presence of a diploma is a ticket to a good job. During the whole life a person is told by his or her teachers that without higher education it is very hard to get fixed up in a good job. From this follows another aspect – high salary. According to Russian Centre of Society’s opinion poll, 76% of recipients claim that without higher education it is almost impossible to get a well-paid job. These examples show that higher education is significant for employers to offer one a desirable and well-paid position. Secondly, studying in a university is a challenging, life-enhancing experience for two reasons: students gain substantive knowledge and develop personal skills. Graduation from university supposes that students will have a common level of knowledge and information literacy. As my Mathematics teacher said, that every piece of knowledge we get will come I hand. Developing personal skills is also important. Tatyana Nikishina, university teacher believes, that socialization is an essential part of educational process, and it develops a lot of other skills, which will be helpful in future. The evidence suggests that higher education will help to improve one’s knowledge within a particular field and individual skills as well. Moreover, getting higher education is essential nowadays, as without it one will not be respected and with it one can assume leadership roles in community. Today more people within the society have higher education and it really hard to be treated with respect without one. My mother says that now people would communicate only with those who have a diploma, although its presence does not mean that a person is intelligent. It is not a secret that people with higher education are more likely to assume leadership roles. From my own experience I can say, that higher education plays a great role in forming a company of friends, collegues. In brief, it is quite obvious that today people with higher education gain more respect within society and are able to take leading roles. Furthermore, studying in a university will prepare students for future life: they will have career-related courses and will be able to use their knowledge in everyday life. Students are supposed to enter those universities that will help them in their future career. A. Shebistova, Curtin University teacher claims that with choosing a faculty, a student studies within a particular field of knowledge, and this theory would definitely help in practice. To sum up, getting higher education is needed to get ready for future career and knowledge received will be useful in common life. To conclude, the major aims of higher education are getting a good job, improving personal skills, being an authority among community and getting ready for further life. But still, some people suppose that one can be successful even without higher education and it is just waste of time. It is up to everyone to decide whether he or she needs higher education or not. How to cite Aims of Higher Education, Papers
Friday, December 6, 2019
Asian Family Essay Example For Students
Asian Family Essay Being the biggest continent in the world, Asia contains about 60% of the worlds population and growing each year. Though China, and India are two of the most populated countries in the world, having about 30% of the worlds population, there are about two-fifths of the countries that have less than five million habitants. Though forty-two different countries make up this great continent, much of the similarities are family values. Customs and traditions might be different, however, western ideas and influences have wiped out many of those customs and created new ones in most of the countries in Asia. Even in comparison from country to country, the new ways and ideas are similar. The basic Asian family would be the same as in any family in comparison to the rest of the world. Patriarchy families are more popular amongst many Asian families. It is believed that the man is in charge of the house in most if not all the countries in Asia. However, there is some form of equality between men and women in Asia. Some countries have more equal rights than others. Some countries such as the Middle East countries give very minimal rights to women. Even a great country like the United States doesnt have full equality between men and women. Because of urbanization, western ideas and influences are reaching the average Asians. Asians are moving into cities with phenomenal speed. In an article by Michael Sivy of Time International Magazine, Malaysias Finance Minister Anwar Ibrahim states, Today, half of all Malaysians live in cities. Sivy adds, the result is an irreversible change in the family structure that has prevailed in Asia for thousands of years. The urbanization of these families helped to promote further growth in all aspects. It has converted the extended family into a nuclear one, says Richard Robison, director of the Asia Research Center at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. Because of this new change, people are relying less on the family, which in turn is cr eating new relationships between old and young and women and men. The change has promoted a lot of social change and economic change in many of these countries, such as Malaysia. By urbanization, many of these people are being influenced by the modernization and western technological advancements. These influences include democracy, education, communication, economical developments, medical advancements, employment, and individualism. Though individualism is present, family values are treasured. Unity is preserved and family name is heavily cherished. Asians strongly believe that problems must be kept within the family, and that problems are a blemish upon the family name as quoted by Lien Roberts, a Vietnamese mother. Immigration is also very popular amongst Asians. Many immigrate to democratic places such as the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. Many believe before they emigrate, that their new land will be much better than the one they currently occupy. Just in the Greate r Toronto Area, there are about 380,000 Chinese-Canadians as reported by Tony Wong from The Toronto Star. As reported by Mr. Wong, China is the major source of immigration to Canada. However, China isnt the only place where immigration comes from. Place such as Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and even India, Mauritius, and Jamaica also has emigrants to Canada. Three point four percent of the entire population of the United States is Asian and each year, that number is getting greater and greater. Because the United States gives them a better opportunity for growth, much if the Asias immigration goes here. After battling racism for about a century, the Asian population in the United States is the fastest growing ethnic group in the country. Today, Asian Americans are the fastest-growing U.S. minority, increasing at fifteen times the rate of non-Hispanic whites, and doubling in just the past ten years. The growth is phenomenal. Sociologist James M. Henslin states that most of the populat ion is concentrated in major cities such as, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City. However, even though they are in a distant land, they often preserve their customs and traditions while also taking on things from the American Culture. In an article written by Julie Zhou, a Chinese immigrant who is currently a student explains that she is determined for herself that she would fit into American society while still displaying the positive influences of her culture. Things such as clothes, music and shopping didnt interest her as she explains in this article. Most importantly, she values the understanding of her parents that told her it was okay to be like that. Chinese culture recognizes that personal achievements outside the classroom is pursuits such as academic activities and community service lead to a well-balanced life. Qualities such as honesty and good judgment contribute to a peaceful life. Important aspects such as social involvement and willingness to make sacrific es contribute greatly to success. Balance, peace and success are the very foundation stones on which we lay our culture, is what Miss Zhou believes in. Many Chinese people if not all, also believe in this philosophy. The opportunity that lies in the United States is so much greater than that of countries such as China. With Communism in China and a recession in Japan, immigration one way Asians can escape and come to a place such as the United States to expand. In an article written by Karen Ma in Time International Magazine, she tells a story of an immigrant of Hong Kong named Eric Tsang that came to the United States seven years ago, with nothing but $3,000 in his savings account and a sister here that gave him a place to live. He worked as a busboy in a New York City Chinatown restauranteleven hours a day, six days a week, and cleared plates, emptying the garbage and scrubbing toilets. However, today, he not only owns part pf that restaurant, but is planning a second. He and his wifeown their home and are already preparing their two young childrenfor college. By working hard and saving, Eric became very successful. The American dream became reality for this immigrant. Most immigrants from Asia tend to show similar characteristics as Eric. They all work hard, and conserve their money, hoping one day to own a house and run a business, giving them extra money to send their children to college and helping them live an easier life than themselves. In an interview with my father Kwok Kwong Lee, he explains the similarities between him and Eric. He first talks about his childhood in China. He didnt have much food to eat, and never had a full meal when he was a kid. In order to have a better life, him and several of his friends got together and decided to smuggle into Hong Kong, then a British Colony. They practiced everyday for months. The swim he tells me was 7 hours long. It was really tiring after 6th hour, but we saw how close we were and was determined to get to land, he explains. After a year in Hong Kong, he immigrated to the United States in 1973. His aunt and uncle lived here, so he lived with them. He worked in his uncles restaurant until the restaurant closed down. He made $600 a month, but since he didnt really have any expenses, he just saved it up. He went back to Hong Kong to marry my mother and filed an application for her immigration to the United States. He had a partnership in a restaurant for several years before selling his share of the company. After that, he worked at the Silver Palace restaurant in Chinatown for a couple of years. My father bought the house were living in now in 1987, but decided to rent it out to have it bring in more money. This was a 3-family house in Sheepshead Bay, so the price was high. However, this was a great neighborhood and my parents didnt want my sister and I to grow up in Chinatown, so he bought it for $325,000. About 8 years ago, my father opened up a fish market in Chinatown. He works from 4 A.M. to 7 P.M., 6 days a week. However, he doesnt complain at all. Two years ago, he bought a brand new Nissan Maxima. My father worked very hard through all these years in the United States, but he never complained. He wanted to make sure that his family didnt have to suffer what he suffered when he was in China. He made sure we had a place to live in, clothes to wear, and food to eat. This is the same in all Chinese families. Most immigrants suffered too much in their own countries, not only China. No matter how hard they work here, it is still easier than working in their own country. Asians own many stores and delis today. Many Koreans own grocery stores and delis. Another group of Asians that own grocery stores are Arabs. Not just only grocery stores and delis, but many newsstands as well. Chinese people also own many grocery stores, and many take out restaurants. In any neighborhood in New York City, one will always find at least one store owned by Asians. Asian America ns, the fastest-growing ethnic group in the U.S., are an industrious, highly educated and successful immigrant community. Their members become brilliant engineers, capable physicians, and instinctive entrepreneurs. Moreover, they rarely depend on public welfare because of the strength of their Confucian ethic is stereotype that is accepted widely. However, in a report made by the Asian American Studies Center, part of the University of California, Los Angeles, shows a startling gap between rich and poor members of the Asian-American community. It also shows that the Southeast Asians are at the bottom of the economic ladder, and that 30% of all Southeast Asian familiesare on welfare the highest rate of any ethnic group. It clearly shows that Asian Americans are not all powerful and do experience problems as any other group does, proving the stereotype to be false. The reports also show that: In 1989, nearly 15% of Southeast Asian Americans lived below the poverty line of $12,674, a r ate 1 times greater than that for whites. For every Asian household with an annual income of $75,000, there is another with an income below $10,000. Even though this is the case, Asian Americans still occupy only a tiny portion of the welfare rolls. They make up just 2% of the 13.6 million who receive the governments Aid to Families with Dependent Children. However, they do somewhat live up to the idea because: immigrants from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, the Philippines, and South Korea make up 11% of all physicians and 7% of all scientists and engineers in the U.S., though they account for less than 3% of the population. They help raise the median family income for all Asian Americans to $35,000, the highest of any groupToday, there are 7.2 million Asian Americans enjoying widely differing amounts of success. By the year 2020, the number will be 20 million, and the differences and distinctions will be all the greater. Education and other family values are expressed and taught in many Asian cultures, especially within the United States. As Eric is planning to send his young children to college, many Asian parents work hard so they can send their children to college. The result is the booming of professionals within the country from just one ethnic group. Finding a better life for their children is a common desire among immigrants. Only 3% of the population will get into a university in China: a tinier fraction will be admitted to elite universities, therefore, many immigrate to the United States to give their children a chance to attend college studies. Amongst other values taught at home, family unity and respect is another virtue that is important. Asian Americans overall have the lowest divorce rate (3%) and the lowest teenage pregnancy (6%) of any group. They are taught to always work out their differences for divorce is a disgrace to the family name. My father tells me that when he went to school in China, you needed three elements to be considered a good s tudent: high grades, physically athletic, and show high respect to everyone. He continues to explain that if a student was missing one of those qualities, then that student wasnt considered a good student. Trust, love and respect for our family and our elders; integrity, honesty, and loyalty to all; commitment to education; a belief in order and stability; a preference for consultation rather than confrontation; a preference for obligation rather than individual rights are some of the things listed by Tung Chee-hwa, a chief executive in a Hong Kong corporation as that he considers Asian values. He then talks about what he felt were North American values. He described them as freedom of expression; personal freedom; self-reliance; individual rights; hard work; personal achievement; thinking for ones self. Another thing taught at home is money and how to manage it. Dr. Chen Chin-kuai states that: Money is the third most important thing in life. The first is health and the second is ha ppiness. If you dont have those, what good is money? which is believed to be true by many Asians. Michael Sivy then describes what is considered a successful Asian is like of Dr. Chens generation. The majority are in business or have professional jobs. Most own a car, a computer, a CD player and an expensive watch. Among the things they like to buy are fountain pens, fine leather goods and imported beer and wine More than half see movies regularly and many go to the theatre and concerts. However, their top priorities are buying a comfortable home, being able to afford a first rate education for their children and ensuring a prosperous old age. Thats the idea of most Asians today. The Chens expect no pensions when they retire. They figure they will have to rely on their own savings. Their way of making money would be to work hard, save half and put the rest in the stock market as described by Sivy. Many Asians learn to save money very well. It is not surprising that Asia may have the highest savings rates in the world upwards of 15% of household income. But young people everywhere have to work extra hard to put aside money beyond what they need for current living expenses. Sakchye and Kissinee Laohavirojana, both 39 of Bangkok, met in high school and married in 1982. But even before their wedding, they were planning. They decided to save for their own house first and after that, if they had children, they would set up another plan for them. While some Asians work hard and save half their money while investing the other half in the stock market, others build their wealth by investing through family businesses. Many Asians do not believe in the stock market. They would rather take a risk by investing in their own businesses than put money into the stock markets reasoned Denis Hooi of Kuala Lumpur, a business owner. He and his wife both have their own firms and share an office space with a staff of three described Sivy. They bought an office for their businesses, which cost them about $72,000already, the value of their new office has appreciated about 30% to more than $92,000. However, some choose to invest in foreign-currency investing like Thomas Lin and wife Carol from Hong Kong. They both struggle hard to save and plan on owning their own business in the future. He also wants to have enough money to start his own family as Sivy describes. With such ambitious goals, the Lins have to try and squeeze every last bit of return out of the money they save. But they are also cautious. Their solution: to put money into foreign currency accounts. They felt that the Hong Kong dollar rate was low, so they though why not save in foreign currencies? explains Thomas. Even though most of these values are good values taught in families, there are some that arent so good. Not all customs are traditions are accepted by the new generation. In an article written by Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, she describes the tragic story of Rhena. Her Pakistanian parents Sekina Khan and Mohammed Bashir were jailed trying to kidnap her to Pakistan. Even though they immigrated to Great Britain, they still believed in the traditional ways of arranged marriage. When they found out that she was not willing to go with them, they spiked her drinkand attempted to smuggle her away to Pakistan. Over two hundred cases of British girls are kidnapped and taken over to India, Pakistan or Bangladesh states Brown. They are forced to marry those they do not want to marry. Some of these girls often protest. Some so extreme that one victim reportedly cut her arms to shreds in protest against a marriage in Bangladesh. Brown argues that Sekina and Mohammed love their children. She argues that they believed that the children would appreciate this and not be seduced by the ways of the West and that they would all carry on happy ever after as it they had never left that spot in the sub-continent which is still home in their hearts. Some values like the one mentioned before arent changed. It probably wont change for a long time. Another value that doesnt change is religion. While technology and science has greatly weakened the in-depth belief in religion, religion is still remains strong in the basic Asian family. Even though there are only 42 countries in Asia, there are hundreds of different kinds of religions located on this continent. However, 3 main religions remain to be the largest in Asia: Hinduism, which is basically located in India; Islam, which is located in the Middle East countries; Buddhism, which is located in most of China, Japan, some of South Korea (Christianity takes up the other major religion in South Korea), all of the Southeast countries (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand). Western influences such as science, technology, and investments are some of the things that Asians have encountered that changed their lives. Instead of being stuck on traditional values and customs, many have taken a step forward and modernized and given thems elves and their family a chance for growth. The idea of immigrating to a better place such as the United States and Canada has changed the world, especially Asia. Growth, prosperity, and for the welfare of the next generation has made millions of Asians leave their homeland to come here. However, not all their values are lost. Family unity, respect, honor, education, money, and pursuit of happiness are preserved in many of the Asian families. Combined with the western ideas and influences, Asian Americans have prospered into the fastest growing successful ethnic group in the country. This is all thanks to those that have left their country and sacrificed for their children. Working harder than slaves with lowest possible wages to make sure their children wont have to go through what they have. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay BibliographyBibliography. Brown, Yasmin Alibhai; A hard lesson for the Asian community to learn., Independent; June 8, 1998 pp13 Cao Lan, and Novas Himilce; Everything You Need To Know About Asian American History; Penguin Group; USA; 1996 Henslin, James M.; Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach; 4th Edition; Allyn and Bacon; Massachusetts; 1999 Housewright, Ed; A Shoulder to Lean On: Mothers outreach helps areas Asian families deal with mental retardation., The Dallas Morning News, Feburary 15th, 1999, pp 23A Lee, Raymond; Interview with Father, Kwok Kwong Lee; November 10, 1999 Ma, Karen; Time Money on Familys Finances: A Family Tree Gorws in Brooklyn: An Ambitious Young Restaurateur Heads a Hong Kong Family, 30 Strong, That is Replanting Itself in New York City Soil.., Time International, December 1, 1997; pp 20+ Mirsky, Jonathan; Asian values, a fabulous notion.. Vol. 127, New Statesman (1996), April 3, 1998; pp 26(2) Rudolph, Barbara; Reported by Blackman, Ann; Immigrants: The Ste reotype is Accepted Almost without a question: Asian.; Time International; May 30, 1994, pp 31 Sivy, Michael; with reporting by Daneels; Jenny; Goplan, Nisha; Shapiro, Don; Cover Story: How To Get The Good Life For Young Asians Are Taking Control of Their Financial Lives Like Never Before. Time; 1997 Wong, Tony; Chinese family knew it wouldnt be easy; The Toronto Star, May 11, 1999 Zhou, Julie; For the Journal-Constitution, Enjoying the best of two cultures.; The Atlanta Constitution; July 19, 1999 ppA7Word Count: 3195
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